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Abstract
Religious tolerance is a fundamental principle underpinning international human rights and diplomatic relations, promoting peace and coexistence in diverse societies. Various international politico-legal mechanisms have been developed to foster religious tolerance, yet the effectiveness and integration of these mechanisms in different geopolitical contexts remain inadequately explored. There is a need for a comprehensive evaluation of how international frameworks and legal instruments address and enforce religious tolerance, particularly in regions with entrenched sectarian conflicts. This study aims to analyze the international politico-legal mechanisms designed to promote religious tolerance, assessing their implementation, effectiveness, and impact on global and local levels. The research finds that while international treaties and agreements provide a solid foundation for promoting religious tolerance, discrepancies in enforcement and varying degrees of commitment among nations limit their overall effectiveness. This study contributes by offering an integrated assessment of both the theoretical and practical aspects of international mechanisms for religious tolerance, incorporating case studies to illustrate diverse applications and outcomes. The findings suggest the need for more robust and universally accepted frameworks, as well as improved mechanisms for enforcement and accountability, to enhance the global promotion of religious tolerance and address sectarian tensions more effectively.
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References
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- Тошпулотов Шохижахон Отношение к религиозной терпимости в международной политике и законодательстве Узбекистана // Review of law sciences. 2020. №Спецвыпуск. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/otnoshenie-k-religioznoy-terpimosti-v-mezhdunarodnoy-politike-i-zakonodatelstve-uzbekistana (дата обращения: 23.08.2024).
- Toshpulotov Shokhijakhon Eshpulotovich THE ROLE OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN ENSURING RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE: WORLD AND NATIONAL APPROACH // Вестник науки и образования. 2020. №25-3 (103). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/the-role-of-foreign-experience-in-ensuring-religious-tolerance-world-and-national-approach (дата
References
United Nations. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. United Nations General Assembly.
United Nations. (1966). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. United Nations General Assembly.
Council of Europe. (1950). European Convention on Human Rights. Council of Europe.
Organization of American States. (1969). American Convention on Human Rights. OAS.
European Union. (2013). EU Guidelines on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Religion or Belief. European Union External Action.
UNHRC. (2011). Resolution 16/18: Combating Intolerance, Negative Stereotyping, and Stigmatization of, and Discrimination, Incitement to Violence, and Violence Against Persons Based on Religion or Belief. United Nations Human Rights Council.
United Nations General Assembly. (2010). Resolution 65/5: World Interfaith Harmony Week. United Nations.
OSCE. (2015). Guidelines on the Legal Personality of Religious or Belief Communities. Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.
IGAD. (2016). Regional Strategy for Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism in the Horn of Africa. Intergovernmental Authority on Development.
European Union. (2016). Special Envoy for the Promotion of Freedom of Religion or Belief Outside the EU. European Union.
Ssenyonjo, M. (2017). International Human Rights Law: Six Decades after the UDHR and Beyond. Routledge.
Cismas, I. (2014). Religious Actors and International Law. Oxford University Press.
Haynes, J. (2021). The Politics of Religion: A Survey. Routledge.
An-Naim, A. A. (2018). Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Sharia. Harvard University Press.
Evans, C. (2017). Freedom of Religion Under the European Convention on Human Rights. Oxford University Press.
González-Salzberg, D. A. (2018). The Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Case Law and Commentary. Oxford University Press.
Bielefeldt, H. (2013). Freedom of Religion or Belief: Thematic Reports of the UN Special Rapporteur 2010-2013. UNHRC.
Hurd, E. S. (2015). Beyond Religious Freedom: The New Global Politics of Religion. Princeton University Press.
Ferrari, S. (2016). Religious Freedom and the Law: Emerging Contexts for Freedom for and from Religion. Routledge.
Juergensmeyer, M. (2017). Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. University of California Press.
Тошпулотов Шохижахон Отношение к религиозной терпимости в международной политике и законодательстве Узбекистана // Review of law sciences. 2020. №Спецвыпуск. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/otnoshenie-k-religioznoy-terpimosti-v-mezhdunarodnoy-politike-i-zakonodatelstve-uzbekistana (дата обращения: 23.08.2024).
Toshpulotov Shokhijakhon Eshpulotovich THE ROLE OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN ENSURING RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE: WORLD AND NATIONAL APPROACH // Вестник науки и образования. 2020. №25-3 (103). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/the-role-of-foreign-experience-in-ensuring-religious-tolerance-world-and-national-approach (дата