Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to explore the factors that influence the effectiveness of supervision in education, focusing on various theories of supervision such as clinical, formative, reflective, and transformational supervision. Using a qualitative research design with a case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis in several schools. Thematic analysis was used to identify the main themes from the data obtained. The results of the study indicate that the effectiveness of supervision is influenced by the quality of communication between supervisors and teachers, a clear understanding of the purpose of supervision, and the competence of supervisors in providing constructive feedback. A supportive school context and culture are also very important for teacher professional development. A supervision approach that is tailored to the specific needs of schools and teachers has been shown to be effective in improving the quality of teaching and student learning outcomes. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of a holistic approach to supervision to achieve overall improvements in the quality of education. Recommendations for further research include longitudinal studies and exploration of the use of technology in supervision to support further teacher professional development
Keywords
Article Details
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References
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- . S. Susilawati, T. Trisnamansyah, S. Sauri, and C. Saodih, "Implementation of Principal Transformational Leadership in Improving Teacher Performance in State Junior High Schools," International Journal of Educational Research & Social Sciences, vol. 1, pp. 1689–1695, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://ijersc.org.
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- . M. Wighus and I. T. Bjørk, "An Educational Intervention to Enhance Clinical Skills Learning: Experiences of Nursing Students and Teachers," Nurse Education in Practice, vol. 29, pp. 143–149, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.nepr.2018.01.004.
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References
. W. Admiraal, W. Schenke, L. De Jong, Y. Emmelot, and H. Sligte, "Schools as Professional Learning Communities: What Can Schools Do to Support Professional Development of Their Teachers?" Professional Development in Education, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 684–698, 2021. doi: 10.1080/19415257.2019.1665573.
. M. K. Alam, "A Systematic Qualitative Case Study: Questions, Data Collection, NVivo Analysis and Saturation," Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1–31, 2021. doi: 10.1108/QROM-09-2019-1825.
. G. S. Avortri, J. B. Nabukalu, and J. Nabyonga-Orem, "Supportive Supervision to Improve Service Delivery in Low-Income Countries: Is There a Conceptual Problem or a Strategy Problem?" BMJ Global Health, vol. 4, Suppl 9, e001151, 2019. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001151.
. B. N. Tanjung, "Education Supervision in Increasing Competence of Teachers in Curriculum 2013 (Study of Education Management Analysis)," Britain International of Linguistics Arts and Education (BIoLAE) Journal, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 560–566, 2020. doi: 10.33258/biolae.v2i2.267.
. W. L. Bedwell, S. M. Fiore, and E. Salas, "Developing the Future Workforce: An Approach for Integrating Interpersonal Skills into the MBA Classroom," Academy of Management Learning and Education, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 171–186, 2014. doi: 10.5465/amle.2011.0138.
. J. Biggs and C. Tang, Teaching for Quality Learning at University. 2011, pp. 165–203.
. J. L. Brown, S. M. Jones, M. D. LaRusso, and J. L. Aber, "Improving Classroom Quality: Teacher Influences and Experimental Impacts of the 4Rs Program," Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 153–167, 2010. doi: 10.1037/a0018160.
. L. Budiyono, B. Lian, and H. Fitria, "The Influence of Principal Supervision and Organizational Climate toward Teacher’s Performance," Electronic Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 172–187, 2020. [Online]. Available: www.eresearchjournal.com.
. F. L. Calvert, T. P. Crowe, and B. F. S. Grenyer, "Dialogical Reflexivity in Supervision: An Experiential Learning Process for Enhancing Reflective and Relational Competencies," Clinical Supervisor, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 1–21, 2016. doi: 10.1080/07325223.2015.1135840.
. E. Coleman et al., "Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8," International Journal of Transgender Health, vol. 23, Suppl 1, pp. S1–S259, 2022. doi: 10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644.
. P. Dawson et al., "What Makes for Effective Feedback: Staff and Student Perspectives," Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 25–36, 2019. doi: 10.1080/02602938.2018.1467877.
. M. S. Feser, I. Haak, and T. Rabe, "VeSP-Be – Comparison of Introductory Phases in Physics with Regard to the Sense of Belonging of Students: Documentation of the Survey Instruments and Their Descriptive, Quantitative Results," 2023. doi: 10.25656/01.
. H. Fitria, "The Influence of Organizational Culture and Trust Through Teacher Performance in the Private Secondary School in Palembang," International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 82–86, 2018.
. D. Frost, "From Professional Development to System Change: Teacher Leadership and Innovation," Professional Development in Education, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 205–227, 2012. doi: 10.1080/19415257.2012.657861.
. E. Gheith and N. Aljaberi, "Reflective Teaching Practices in Teachers and Their Attitudes Toward Professional Self-development," International Journal of Progressive Education, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 161–180, 2018. doi: 10.29329/ijpe.2018.146.11.
. J. Gore et al., "Effects of Professional Development on the Quality of Teaching: Results from a Randomised Controlled Trial of Quality Teaching Rounds," Teaching and Teacher Education, vol. 68, pp. 99–113, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2017.08.007.
. L. D. Hammond, E. M. Hyle, and G. M. (2017), "Effective Teacher Professional Development," Research Brief, June, pp. 1–8. [Online]. Available: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED606741.
. J. N. Hook et al., "Cultural Humility in Psychotherapy Supervision," American Journal of Psychotherapy, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 149–166, 2016. doi: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2016.70.2.149.
. J. H. Stronge, "Qualities of Effective Teachers," Journal of Engineering Education Research, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 348, 2018. [Online]. Available: http://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/landing/article.kci?arti_id=ART001511421.
. E. Edgar, "Clinical Supervision: A Mechanism to Support Person‐Centred Practice," Journal of Clinical Nursing, vol. 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15728.
. M. Kebritchi, A. Lipschuetz, and L. Santiague, "Issues and Challenges for Teaching Successful Online Courses in Higher Education," Journal of Educational Technology Systems, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 4–29, 2017. doi: 10.1177/0047239516661713.
. M. M. Kennedy, "How Does Professional Development Improve Teaching?" Review of Educational Research, vol. 86, no. 4, pp. 945–980, 2016. doi: 10.3102/0034654315626800.
. Y. Kim and R. E. Silver, "Provoking Reflective Thinking in Post Observation Conversations," Journal of Teacher Education, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 203–219, 2016. doi: 10.1177/0022487116637120.
. J. M. Kuijpers, A. A. M. Houtveen, and T. Wubbels, "An Integrated Professional Development Model for Effective Teaching," Teaching and Teacher Education, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 1687–1694, 2010. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2010.06.021.
. E. Lawrence, M. W. Dunn, and S. Weisfeld-Spolter, "Developing Leadership Potential in Graduate Students with Assessment, Self-awareness, Reflection and Coaching," Journal of Management Development, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 634–651, 2018. doi: 10.1108/JMD-11-2017-0390.
. L. Lorensius, N. Anggal, and S. Lugan, "Academic Supervision in the Improvement of Teachers’ Professional Competencies: Effective Practices on the Emergence," EduLine: Journal of Education and Learning Innovation, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 99–107, 2022. doi: 10.35877/454ri.eduline805.
. J. Mantik, I. D. Nugraha, E. Vovo Sembiring, and F. Rizal, "Effectiveness of Implementing Academic Supervision in Improving Teacher Performance in Smk Negeri 5 Padang," Jurnal Mantik, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1393–1396, 2021.
. Maralih, "The Role of Supervision in Improving the Quality of Education," Qathruna Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 182, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://103.20.188.221/index.php/qathruna/article/view/251.
. L. Miller, "Supervision to Support Reflective Practices," Journal of Educational Supervision, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–18, 2023. doi: 10.31045/jes.6.1.1.
. A. Moser and I. Korstjens, "Series: Practical Guidance to Qualitative Research. Part 3: Sampling, Data Collection and Analysis," European Journal of General Practice, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 9–18, 2018. doi: 10.1080/13814788.2017.1375091.
. V. C. Ngwenya, "School-Based Supervision Enhances the Professional Development of Teachers," South African Journal of Education, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 1–10, 2020. doi: 10.15700/saje.v40n3a1744.
. S. Norawati, A. Lutfi, Z. Zulher, and Z. Basem, "The Effect of Supervision, Work Motivation, and Interpersonal Communication on Employee Performance and Organizational Commitment as Variables Intervening," IJEBD (International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Development), vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 92–104, 2022. doi: 10.29138/ijebd.v5i1.1602.
. N. Özdemir, "How to Improve Teachers’ Instructional Practices: The Role of Professional Learning Activities, Classroom Observation and Leadership Content Knowledge in Turkey," Journal of Educational Administration, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 585–603, 2020. doi: 10.1108/JEA-10-2019-0189.
. P. Rahabav, "The Effectiveness of Academic Supervision for Teacher," Journal of Education and Practice, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 47–55, 2016. [Online]. Available: www.iiste.org.
. D. Wardiah, M. Kristiawan, and A. Renata, "The Influence of Headmaster’s Supervision and Achievement Motivation on Effective Teachers," International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 44–49, 2018.
. K. A. R. Richards and M. A. Hemphill, "A Practical Guide to Collaborative Qualitative Data Analysis," Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 225–231, 2018. doi: 10.1123/jtpe.2017-0084.
. O. Rokhman et al., "A Study on Subjective Health Perception and Health-Related Indicators among Home-Dwelling Older Adults: A Covariance Structure Analysis," Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 90–96, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/235085111.pdf.
. R. Rutakumwa et al., "Conducting In-Depth Interviews with and without Voice Recorders: A Comparative Analysis," Qualitative Research, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 565–581, 2020. doi: 10.1177/1468794119884806.
. J. Siti Katijah, "Mirrors for an ESL Classroom: Using Reflective Teaching to Explore Classroom Practice and Enhance Professional Growth," The English Teacher, vol. XXXV, pp. 99–116, 2006.
. T. Strieker, M. Adams, N. Cone, D. Hubbard, and W. Lim, "Supervision Matters: Collegial, Developmental and Reflective Approaches to Supervision of Teacher Candidates," Cogent Education, vol. 3, no. 1, 2016. doi: 10.1080/2331186X.2016.1251075.
. T. Šula, "Thematic Analysis," Ambient Media in Advertising: Importance of Design in Ambient Media Creation, pp. 66–78, 2018. doi: 10.7441/978-80-7454-682-2_4.
. S. Susilawati, T. Trisnamansyah, S. Sauri, and C. Saodih, "Implementation of Principal Transformational Leadership in Improving Teacher Performance in State Junior High Schools," International Journal of Educational Research & Social Sciences, vol. 1, pp. 1689–1695, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://ijersc.org.
. R. vanOostveen, F. Desjardins, and S. Bullock, "Professional Development Learning Environments (PDLEs) Embedded in a Collaborative Online Learning Environment (COLE): Moving Towards a New Conception of Online Professional Learning," Education and Information Technologies, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 1863–1900, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s10639-018-9686-6.
. M. Wighus and I. T. Bjørk, "An Educational Intervention to Enhance Clinical Skills Learning: Experiences of Nursing Students and Teachers," Nurse Education in Practice, vol. 29, pp. 143–149, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.nepr.2018.01.004.
. M. Williams and T. Moser, "The Art of Coding and Thematic Exploration in Qualitative Research," International Management Review, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 45–55, 2019.
. B. B. Wiyono, A. Rasyad, and M. Maisyaroh, "The Effect of Collaborative Supervision Approaches and Collegial Supervision Techniques on Teacher Intensity Using Performance-Based Learning," SAGE Open, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021. doi: 10.1177/21582440211013779.
. B. B. Wiyono et al., "Implementation of Group and Individual Supervision Techniques, and Its Effect on the Work Motivation and Performance of Teachers at School Organization," Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 13, July 2022. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.943838.
. F. Xie and A. Derakhshan, "A Conceptual Review of Positive Teacher Interpersonal Communication Behaviors in the Instructional Context," Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 12, July 2021. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708490.
. N. Yurtseven and S. Altun, "The Role of Self-Assessment and Peer Review in Teachers' Program-Oriented Professional Development," Hacettepe Journal of Education, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 207–228, 2018. doi: 10.16986/HUJE.2017030461.
. S. J. Zepeda, Instructional Supervision: Applying Tools and Concepts. 2013.